中华人民共和国宪法
CONSTITUTION OF
THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
（1982年12月4日第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过 1982年12月4日全国人民代表大会公告公布施行 根据1988年4月12日第七届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》、1993年3月29日第八届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》、1999年3月15日第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》、2004年3月14日第十届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》和2018年3月11日第十三届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》修正） (Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People’s Congress and promulgated by the Announcement of the National People’s Congress on December 4, 1982; amended in accordance with the Amendment to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China adopted at the First Session of the Seventh National People’s Congress on April 12, 1988, the Amendment to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China adopted at the First Session of the Eighth National People’s Congress on March 29, 1993, the Amendment to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China adopted at the Second Session of the Ninth National People’s Congress on March 15, 1999, the Amendment to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China adopted at the Second Session of the Tenth National People’s Congress on March 14, 2004, and the Amendment to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China adopted at the First Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on March 11, 2018)
中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化，具有光荣的革命传统。China is one of the countries with the longest histories in the world. The Chinese people of all ethnic groups jointly created its magnificent culture and have a proud revolutionary tradition.一八四〇年以后，封建的中国逐渐变成半殖民地、半封建的国家。中国人民为国家独立、民族解放和民主自由进行了前仆后继的英勇奋斗。After 1840, feudal China gradually became a semi-colonial, semi-feudal country. The Chinese people, wave upon wave, waged heroic struggles for national independence and liberation and for democracy and freedom.In the 20th century, momentous historical changes took place in China. 一九一一年孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命，废除了封建帝制，创立了中华民国。但是，中国人民反对帝国主义和封建主义的历史任务还没有完成。 The Revolution of 1911, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of China. However, the historic mission of the Chinese people to oppose imperialism and feudalism was not yet accomplished. 一九四九年，以毛泽东主席为领袖的中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在经历了长期的艰难曲折的武装斗争和其他形式的斗争以后，终于推翻了帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的统治，取得了新民主主义革命的伟大胜利，建立了中华人民共和国。从此，中国人民掌握了国家的权力，成为国家的主人。 In 1949, after engaging in protracted, arduous and tortuous struggles, armed and in other forms, the Chinese people of all ethnic groups led by the Communist Party of China with Chairman Mao Zedong as its leader finally overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, won a great victory in the New Democratic Revolution, and founded the People’s Republic of China. The Chinese people thus secured power and became masters of their own country. 中华人民共和国成立以后，我国社会逐步实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的过渡。生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经完成，人剥削人的制度已经消灭，社会主义制度已经确立。工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政，实质上即无产阶级专政，得到巩固和发展。中国人民和中国人民解放军战胜了帝国主义、霸权主义的侵略、破坏和武装挑衅，维护了国家的独立和安全，增强了国防。经济建设取得了重大的成就，独立的、比较完整的社会主义工业体系已经基本形成，农业生产显著提高。教育、科学、文化等事业有了很大的发展，社会主义思想教育取得了明显的成效。广大人民的生活有了较大的改善。 After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, our country gradually achieved the transition from a new democratic society to a socialist society. The socialist transformation of private ownership of the means of production has been completed, the system of exploitation of man by man abolished, and a socialist system established. The people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants, which in essence is a dictatorship of the proletariat, has been consolidated and developed. The Chinese people and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army have defeated imperialist and hegemonist aggression, sabotage and armed provocations, safeguarded national independence and security, and strengthened national defense. Major achievements have been made in economic development. An independent and relatively complete socialist industrial system has now basically been established, and agricultural output has markedly increased. Significant advances have been made in education, science, culture and other fields, and education about socialist thought has made notable progress. The lives of the people have been considerably improved. 中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，是中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的指引下，坚持真理，修正错误，战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。我国将长期处于社会主义初级阶段。国家的根本任务是，沿着中国特色社会主义道路，集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设。中国各族人民将继续在中国共产党领导下，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观、习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下，坚持人民民主专政，坚持社会主义道路，坚持改革开放，不断完善社会主义的各项制度，发展社会主义市场经济，发展社会主义民主，健全社会主义法治，贯彻新发展理念，自力更生，艰苦奋斗，逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，推动物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明协调发展，把我国建设成为富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国，实现中华民族伟大复兴。 Both the victory in China’s New Democratic Revolution and the successes in its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all ethnic groups under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought by upholding truth, correcting errors, and surmounting many difficulties and obstacles. Our country will long remain in the primary stage of socialism. The fundamental task for our country is to concentrate on achieving socialist modernization along the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. We the Chinese people of all ethnic groups will continue, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, to uphold the people’s democratic dictatorship, stay on the socialist road, carry out reform and opening up, steadily improve the socialist institutions, develop the socialist market economy and socialist democracy, improve socialist rule of law, apply the new development philosophy, and work hard in a spirit of self-reliance to modernize step by step the country’s industry, agriculture, national defense, and science and technology and promote coordinated material, political, cultural-ethical, social and ecological advancement, in order to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious and beautiful, and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. 在我国，剥削阶级作为阶级已经消灭，但是阶级斗争还将在一定范围内长期存在。中国人民对敌视和破坏我国社会主义制度的国内外的敌对势力和敌对分子，必须进行斗争。 In our country the exploiting class, as a class, has been eliminated, but class struggle will continue to exist within a certain scope for a long time to come. The people of China must fight against those domestic and foreign forces and elements that are hostile to and undermine our country’s socialist system. 台湾是中华人民共和国的神圣领土的一部分。完成统一祖国的大业是包括台湾同胞在内的全中国人民的神圣职责。 Taiwan is part of the sacred territory of the People’s Republic of China. It is the sacred duty of all the Chinese people, including our fellow Chinese in Taiwan, to achieve the great reunification of the motherland. 社会主义的建设事业必须依靠工人、农民和知识分子，团结一切可以团结的力量。在长期的革命、建设、改革过程中，已经结成由中国共产党领导的，有各民主党派和各人民团体参加的，包括全体社会主义劳动者、社会主义事业的建设者、拥护社会主义的爱国者、拥护祖国统一和致力于中华民族伟大复兴的爱国者的广泛的爱国统一战线，这个统一战线将继续巩固和发展。中国人民政治协商会议是有广泛代表性的统一战线组织，过去发挥了重要的历史作用，今后在国家政治生活、社会生活和对外友好活动中，在进行社会主义现代化建设、维护国家的统一和团结的斗争中，将进一步发挥它的重要作用。中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度将长期存在和发展。 The cause of building socialism must rely on workers, peasants and intellectuals and unite all forces that can be united. Through the long process of revolution, development and reform, a broad patriotic united front has formed under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, with the participation of other political parties and people’s organizations and including all socialist working people, people involved in building socialism, patriots who support socialism, and patriots who support China’s reunification and are dedicated to the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. This united front will continue to be consolidated and developed. The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference is a broadly representative organization of the united front, and has played a significant historical role. In the future, it will play an even more important role in the country’s political and social life and its friendly foreign activities, in socialist modernization and in safeguarding the unity and solidarity of the country. The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China will continue and develop long into the future. 中华人民共和国是全国各族人民共同缔造的统一的多民族国家。平等团结互助和谐的社会主义民族关系已经确立，并将继续加强。在维护民族团结的斗争中，要反对大民族主义，主要是大汉族主义，也要反对地方民族主义。国家尽一切努力，促进全国各民族的共同繁荣。 The People’s Republic of China is a unified multiethnic state founded by the Chinese people of all ethnic groups. Socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony are established and will continue to be strengthened. In the struggle to safeguard ethnic unity, we should oppose major ethnic group chauvinism, which mainly refers to Han chauvinism, and local ethnic chauvinism. The state makes every effort to promote the shared prosperity of all the country’s ethnic groups. 中国革命、建设、改革的成就是同世界人民的支持分不开的。中国的前途是同世界的前途紧密地联系在一起的。中国坚持独立自主的对外政策，坚持互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处的五项原则，坚持和平发展道路，坚持互利共赢开放战略，发展同各国的外交关系和经济、文化交流，推动构建人类命运共同体；坚持反对帝国主义、霸权主义、殖民主义，加强同世界各国人民的团结，支持被压迫民族和发展中国家争取和维护民族独立、发展民族经济的正义斗争，为维护世界和平和促进人类进步事业而努力。 The achievements of China’s revolution, development and reform would have been impossible without the support of the world’s people. The future of China is closely bound up with the future of the world. China pursues an independent foreign policy, observes the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual nonaggression, mutual noninterference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence, keeps to a path of peaceful development, follows a mutually beneficial strategy of opening up, works to develop diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries, and promotes the building of a human community with a shared future. China consistently opposes imperialism, hegemonism and colonialism, works to strengthen its solidarity with the people of all other countries, supports oppressed peoples and other developing countries in their just struggles to win and safeguard their independence and develop their economies, and strives to safeguard world peace and promote the cause of human progress. 本宪法以法律的形式确认了中国各族人民奋斗的成果，规定了国家的根本制度和根本任务，是国家的根本法，具有最高的法律效力。全国各族人民、一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织，都必须以宪法为根本的活动准则，并且负有维护宪法尊严、保证宪法实施的职责。 This Constitution affirms, in legal form, the achievements of the struggles of the Chinese people of all ethnic groups and stipulates the fundamental system and task of the state. It is the fundamental law of the state and has supreme legal force. The people of all ethnic groups, all state organs and armed forces, all political parties and social organizations, and all enterprises and public institutions in the country must treat the Constitution as the fundamental standard of conduct; they have a duty to uphold the sanctity of the Constitution and ensure its compliance.
Chapter I General Principles
第一条 中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。 Article 1 The People’s Republic of China is a socialist state governed by a people’s democratic dictatorship that is led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants. 社会主义制度是中华人民共和国的根本制度。中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征。禁止任何组织或者个人破坏社会主义制度。 The socialist system is the fundamental system of the People’s Republic of China. Leadership by the Communist Party of China is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is prohibited for any organization or individual to damage the socialist system. Article 2 All power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people. 人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。 The organs through which the people exercise state power are the National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at all levels. 人民依照法律规定，通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务。 The people shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, manage state affairs, economic and cultural undertakings, and social affairs through various channels and in various ways. 第三条 中华人民共和国的国家机构实行民主集中制的原则。 Article 3 The state institutions of the People’s Republic of China shall practice the principle of democratic centralism. 全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会都由民主选举产生，对人民负责，受人民监督。 The National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at all levels shall be created through democratic election and shall be responsible to the people and subject to their oversight. 国家行政机关、监察机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生，对它负责，受它监督。 All administrative, supervisory, adjudicatory and procuratorial organs of the state shall be created by the people’s congresses and shall be responsible to them and subject to their oversight. 中央和地方的国家机构职权的划分，遵循在中央的统一领导下，充分发挥地方的主动性、积极性的原则。 The division of functions and powers between the central and local state institutions shall honor the principle of giving full play to the initiative and motivation of local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities. 第四条 中华人民共和国各民族一律平等。国家保障各少数民族的合法的权利和利益，维护和发展各民族的平等团结互助和谐关系。禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。 Article 4 All ethnic groups of the People’s Republic of China are equal. The state shall protect the lawful rights and interests of all ethnic minorities and uphold and promote relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony among all ethnic groups. Discrimination against and oppression of any ethnic group are prohibited; any act that undermines the unity of ethnic groups or creates divisions among them is prohibited. 国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要，帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展。 The state shall, in light of the characteristics and needs of all ethnic minorities, assist all ethnic minority areas in accelerating their economic and cultural development. 各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权。各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分。 All areas inhabited by ethnic minorities shall practice regional autonomy, establish autonomous organs, and exercise the power to self-govern. All ethnic autonomous areas are inseparable parts of the People’s Republic of China. 各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由。 All ethnic groups shall have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages and to preserve or reform their own traditions and customs. 第五条 中华人民共和国实行依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家。 Article 5 The People’s Republic of China shall practice law-based governance and build a socialist state under the rule of law. The state shall safeguard the unity and sanctity of the socialist legal system. 一切法律、行政法规和地方性法规都不得同宪法相抵触。 No law, administrative regulation or local regulation shall be in conflict with the Constitution. 一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织都必须遵守宪法和法律。一切违反宪法和法律的行为，必须予以追究。 All state organs and armed forces, all political parties and social organizations, and all enterprises and public institutions must abide by the Constitution and the law. Accountability must be enforced for all acts that violate the Constitution or laws. No organization or individual shall have any privilege beyond the Constitution or the law. 第六条 中华人民共和国的社会主义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制，即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制。社会主义公有制消灭人剥削人的制度，实行各尽所能、按劳分配的原则。 Article 6 The foundation of the socialist economic system of the People’s Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, that is, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people. The system of socialist public ownership has eradicated the system of exploitation of man by man, and practices the principle of “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.” 国家在社会主义初级阶段，坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，坚持按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度。 In the primary stage of socialism, the state shall uphold a fundamental economic system under which public ownership is the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership develop together, and shall uphold an income distribution system under which distribution according to work is the mainstay, while multiple forms of distribution exist alongside it. 第七条 国有经济，即社会主义全民所有制经济，是国民经济中的主导力量。国家保障国有经济的巩固和发展。 Article 7 The state sector of the economy, that is, the sector of the socialist economy under ownership by the whole people, shall be the leading force in the economy. The state shall ensure the consolidation and development of the state sector of the economy. 第八条 农村集体经济组织实行家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制。农村中的生产、供销、信用、消费等各种形式的合作经济，是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。参加农村集体经济组织的劳动者，有权在法律规定的范围内经营自留地、自留山、家庭副业和饲养自留畜。 Article 8 Rural collective economic organizations shall practice a two-tiered system of both unified and separate operations with household contract management as its basis. Rural economic cooperatives — producer, supply and marketing, credit and consumer cooperatives — are part of the socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people. Working people who belong to rural collective economic organizations shall have the right, within the scope prescribed by law, to farm cropland and hillsides allotted to them for their private use, engage in household sideline production, and raise privately owned livestock. 城镇中的手工业、工业、建筑业、运输业、商业、服务业等行业的各种形式的合作经济，都是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。 The various forms of cooperative economic activities in cities and towns, such as those in the handicraft, industrial, building, transport, commercial and service trades, shall all be part of the socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people. 国家保护城乡集体经济组织的合法的权利和利益，鼓励、指导和帮助集体经济的发展。 The state shall protect the lawful rights and interests of urban and rural collective economic organizations and shall encourage, guide and assist the growth of the collective sector of the economy. 第九条 矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等自然资源，都属于国家所有，即全民所有；由法律规定属于集体所有的森林和山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂除外。 Article 9 All mineral resources, waters, forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, mudflats and other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, except for the forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and mudflats that are owned by collectives as prescribed by law. 国家保障自然资源的合理利用，保护珍贵的动物和植物。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏自然资源。 The state shall ensure the rational use of natural resources and protect rare animals and plants. It is prohibited for any organization or individual to seize or damage natural resources by any means. Article 10 Land in cities is owned by the state. 农村和城市郊区的土地，除由法律规定属于国家所有的以外，属于集体所有；宅基地和自留地、自留山，也属于集体所有。 Land in rural and suburban areas is owned by collectives except for that which belongs to the state as prescribed by law; housing sites and cropland and hillsides allotted for private use are also owned by collectives. 国家为了公共利益的需要，可以依照法律规定对土地实行征收或者征用并给予补偿。 The state may, in order to meet the demands of the public interest and in accordance with the provisions of law, expropriate or requisition land and furnish compensation. 任何组织或者个人不得侵占、买卖或者以其他形式非法转让土地。土地的使用权可以依照法律的规定转让。 No organization or individual shall unlawfully transfer land through seizure, sale and purchase, or in any other form. Land-use rights may be transferred in accordance with the provisions of law. All organizations and individuals using land must use it in an appropriate manner. 第十一条 在法律规定范围内的个体经济、私营经济等非公有制经济，是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分。 Article 11 Non-public economic sectors that are within the scope prescribed by law, such as individually owned and private businesses, are an important component of the socialist market economy. 国家保护个体经济、私营经济等非公有制经济的合法的权利和利益。国家鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的发展，并对非公有制经济依法实行监督和管理。 The state shall protect the lawful rights and interests of non-public economic sectors such as individually owned and private businesses. The state shall encourage, support and guide the development of non-public economic sectors and exercise oversight and regulation over non-public economic sectors in accordance with law. Article 12 Socialist public property is sacred and inviolable. 国家保护社会主义的公共财产。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏国家的和集体的财产。 The state shall protect socialist public property. It is prohibited for any organization or individual to seize or damage state or collective property by any means. Article 13 Citizens’ lawful private property is inviolable. The state shall protect the right of citizens to own and inherit private property in accordance with the provisions of law. 国家为了公共利益的需要，可以依照法律规定对公民的私有财产实行征收或者征用并给予补偿。 The state may, in order to meet the demands of the public interest and in accordance with the provisions of law, expropriate or requisition citizens’ private property and furnish compensation. 第十四条 国家通过提高劳动者的积极性和技术水平，推广先进的科学技术，完善经济管理体制和企业经营管理制度，实行各种形式的社会主义责任制，改进劳动组织，以不断提高劳动生产率和经济效益，发展社会生产力。 Article 14 The state shall continually raise labor productivity and improve economic performance to develop productive forces by increasing working people’s motivation and level of technical skill, promoting advanced science and technology, improving the systems of economic management and enterprise operation and management, practicing different forms of socialist responsibility system and improving the organization of work. The state shall practice strict economy and combat waste. 国家合理安排积累和消费，兼顾国家、集体和个人的利益，在发展生产的基础上，逐步改善人民的物质生活和文化生活。 The state shall appropriately handle accumulation and consumption, give due consideration at once to the interests of the state, collectives and individuals and, based on the development of production, gradually improve the material and cultural wellbeing of the people. The state shall establish a sound social security system compatible with the level of economic development. Article 15 The state shall practice a socialist market economy. The state shall strengthen economic legislation and improve macro regulation. The state shall, in accordance with law, prohibit disruption of the socioeconomic order by any organization or individual. 第十六条 国有企业在法律规定的范围内有权自主经营。 Article 16 State-owned enterprises shall, within the scope prescribed by law, have the right to operate autonomously. 国有企业依照法律规定，通过职工代表大会和其他形式，实行民主管理。 State-owned enterprises shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, practice democratic management through employee congresses and other means. 第十七条 集体经济组织在遵守有关法律的前提下，有独立进行经济活动的自主权。 Article 17 Collective economic organizations shall, on the condition that they abide by relevant laws, have the autonomy to independently conduct economic activities. 集体经济组织实行民主管理，依照法律规定选举和罢免管理人员，决定经营管理的重大问题。 Collective economic organizations shall practice democratic management and shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, elect and remove their management personnel and decide on major issues concerning their operations and management. 第十八条 中华人民共和国允许外国的企业和其他经济组织或者个人依照中华人民共和国法律的规定在中国投资，同中国的企业或者其他经济组织进行各种形式的经济合作。 Article 18 The People’s Republic of China shall permit foreign enterprises, other economic organizations and individuals, to invest in China and to enter into various forms of economic cooperation with Chinese enterprises or other economic organizations in accordance with the provisions of law of the People’s Republic of China. 在中国境内的外国企业和其他外国经济组织以及中外合资经营的企业，都必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律。它们的合法的权利和利益受中华人民共和国法律的保护。 All foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations and Chinese-foreign joint ventures in the territory of China shall abide by the law of the People’s Republic of China. Their lawful rights and interests shall be protected by the law of the People’s Republic of China. 第十九条 国家发展社会主义的教育事业，提高全国人民的科学文化水平。 Article 19 The state shall develop socialist education to raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation. 国家举办各种学校，普及初等义务教育，发展中等教育、职业教育和高等教育，并且发展学前教育。 The state shall run schools of all types, provide universal compulsory primary education, develop secondary, vocational and higher education, and also develop preschool education. 国家发展各种教育设施，扫除文盲，对工人、农民、国家工作人员和其他劳动者进行政治、文化、科学、技术、业务的教育，鼓励自学成才。 The state shall develop different types of educational facilities, eliminate illiteracy, provide political, cultural, scientific, technical and field-specific education for workers, peasants, state employees and other working people, and encourage people to become accomplished individuals through self-study. 国家鼓励集体经济组织、国家企业事业组织和其他社会力量依照法律规定举办各种教育事业。 The state shall encourage collective economic organizations, state enterprises, public institutions and other social actors to run education programs of various types in accordance with the provisions of law. The state shall promote the common speech — putonghua — used nationwide. 第二十条 国家发展自然科学和社会科学事业，普及科学和技术知识，奖励科学研究成果和技术发明创造。 Article 20 The state shall develop the natural and social sciences, disseminate scientific and technological knowledge, and commend and award research achievements and technological discoveries and inventions. 第二十一条 国家发展医疗卫生事业，发展现代医药和我国传统医药，鼓励和支持农村集体经济组织、国家企业事业组织和街道组织举办各种医疗卫生设施，开展群众性的卫生活动，保护人民健康。 Article 21 To protect the people’s health, the state shall develop medical and health care, develop modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, encourage and support the running of various medical and health facilities by rural collective economic organizations, state enterprises, public institutions and neighborhood organizations, and promote public health activities. 国家发展体育事业，开展群众性的体育活动，增强人民体质。 To improve the people’s physical fitness, the state shall develop sports and promote public sports activities. 第二十二条 国家发展为人民服务、为社会主义服务的文学艺术事业、新闻广播电视事业、出版发行事业、图书馆博物馆文化馆和其他文化事业，开展群众性的文化活动。 Article 22 The state shall develop art and literature, the press, radio and television broadcasting, publishing, libraries, museums and cultural centers, and other cultural undertakings that serve the people and socialism; and shall promote public cultural activities. 国家保护名胜古迹、珍贵文物和其他重要历史文化遗产。 The state shall protect places of scenic beauty and historical interest, valuable cultural relics and other forms of important historical and cultural heritage. 第二十三条 国家培养为社会主义服务的各种专业人才，扩大知识分子的队伍，创造条件，充分发挥他们在社会主义现代化建设中的作用。 Article 23 The state shall train all kinds of specialized personnel to serve socialism, expand the ranks of intellectuals, and create the conditions for giving full play to their role in socialist modernization. 第二十四条 国家通过普及理想教育、道德教育、文化教育、纪律和法制教育，通过在城乡不同范围的群众中制定和执行各种守则、公约，加强社会主义精神文明的建设。 Article 24 The state shall promote socialist cultural-ethical advancement through widely accessible education on ideals, morality, culture, discipline and law, and through the formulation and observance of different forms of rules of conduct and public pledges among different urban and rural populations. 国家倡导社会主义核心价值观，提倡爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱社会主义的公德，在人民中进行爱国主义、集体主义和国际主义、共产主义的教育，进行辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的教育，反对资本主义的、封建主义的和其他的腐朽思想。 The state shall champion core socialist values; advocate the civic virtues of love for the motherland, for the people, for work, for science and for socialism; educate the people in patriotism and collectivism, in internationalism and communism, and in dialectical and historical materialism; and combat capitalist, feudal and other forms of decadent thought. 第二十五条 国家推行计划生育，使人口的增长同经济和社会发展计划相适应。 Article 25 The state shall promote family planning to see that population growth is consistent with economic and social development plans. 第二十六条 国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境，防治污染和其他公害。 Article 26 The state shall protect and improve living environments and the ecological environment, and prevent and control pollution and other public hazards. The state shall organize and encourage afforestation and protect forests. 第二十七条 一切国家机关实行精简的原则，实行工作责任制，实行工作人员的培训和考核制度，不断提高工作质量和工作效率，反对官僚主义。 Article 27 All state organs shall practice the principle of lean and efficient administration, a work responsibility system, and a system of employee training and evaluation in order to keep improving the quality and efficiency of their work and combat bureaucratism. 一切国家机关和国家工作人员必须依靠人民的支持，经常保持同人民的密切联系，倾听人民的意见和建议，接受人民的监督，努力为人民服务。 All state organs and state employees must rely on the support of the people, stay engaged with them, listen to their opinions and suggestions, accept their oversight, and work hard to serve them. 国家工作人员就职时应当依照法律规定公开进行宪法宣誓。 State employees, when assuming office, should make a public pledge of allegiance to the Constitution in accordance with the provisions of law. 第二十八条 国家维护社会秩序，镇压叛国和其他危害国家安全的犯罪活动，制裁危害社会治安、破坏社会主义经济和其他犯罪的活动，惩办和改造犯罪分子。 Article 28 The state shall maintain public order, suppress treason and other criminal activities that jeopardize national security, punish criminal activities, including those that endanger public security or harm the socialist economy, and punish and reform criminals. 第二十九条 中华人民共和国的武装力量属于人民。它的任务是巩固国防，抵抗侵略，保卫祖国，保卫人民的和平劳动，参加国家建设事业，努力为人民服务。 Article 29 The armed forces of the People’s Republic of China belong to the people. Their missions are to strengthen national defense, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people’s peaceful work, participate in national development, and work hard to serve the people. 国家加强武装力量的革命化、现代化、正规化的建设，增强国防力量。 The state shall make the armed forces more revolutionary, more modernized and better regulated in order to strengthen national defense capabilities. Article 30 The administrative areas of the People’s Republic of China shall be delineated as follows: (1) The country consists of provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction; (2) Provinces and autonomous regions consist of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; and (3) Counties and autonomous counties consist of townships, ethnic townships and towns. 直辖市和较大的市分为区、县。自治州分为县、自治县、市。 Cities directly under central government jurisdiction and other large cities consist of districts and counties. Autonomous prefectures consist of counties, autonomous counties and cities. All autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties are ethnic autonomous areas. 第三十一条 国家在必要时得设立特别行政区。在特别行政区内实行的制度按照具体情况由全国人民代表大会以法律规定。 Article 31 The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems instituted in special administrative regions shall, in light of specific circumstances, be prescribed by laws enacted by the National People’s Congress. 第三十二条 中华人民共和国保护在中国境内的外国人的合法权利和利益，在中国境内的外国人必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律。 Article 32 The People’s Republic of China shall protect the lawful rights and interests of foreigners in the territory of China; foreigners in the territory of China must abide by the law of the People’s Republic of China. 中华人民共和国对于因为政治原因要求避难的外国人，可以给予受庇护的权利。 The People’s Republic of China may grant asylum to foreigners who request it on political grounds.
Chapter II Fundamental Rights and Obligations of Citizens
第三十三条 凡具有中华人民共和国国籍的人都是中华人民共和国公民。 Article 33 All persons holding the nationality of the People’s Republic of China are citizens of the People’s Republic of China. All citizens of the People’s Republic of China are equal before the law. The state shall respect and protect human rights. 任何公民享有宪法和法律规定的权利，同时必须履行宪法和法律规定的义务。 Every citizen shall enjoy the rights prescribed by the Constitution and the law and must fulfill the obligations prescribed by the Constitution and the law. 第三十四条 中华人民共和国年满十八周岁的公民，不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况、居住期限，都有选举权和被选举权；但是依照法律被剥夺政治权利的人除外。 Article 34 All citizens of the People’s Republic of China who have reached the age of 18, regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, occupation, family background, religious belief, level of education, property status or length of residence, shall have the right to vote and stand for election; persons deprived of political rights in accordance with law shall be an exception. 第三十五条 中华人民共和国公民有言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威的自由。 Article 35 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of speech, the press, assembly, association, procession and demonstration. Article 36 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy freedom of religious belief. 任何国家机关、社会团体和个人不得强制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧视信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。 No state organ, social organization or individual shall coerce citizens to believe in or not to believe in any religion, nor shall they discriminate against citizens who believe in or do not believe in any religion. 国家保护正常的宗教活动。任何人不得利用宗教进行破坏社会秩序、损害公民身体健康、妨碍国家教育制度的活动。 The state shall protect normal religious activities. No one shall use religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the state’s education system. Religious groups and religious affairs shall not be subject to control by foreign forces. 第三十七条 中华人民共和国公民的人身自由不受侵犯。 Article 37 The personal freedom of citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall not be violated. 任何公民，非经人民检察院批准或者决定或者人民法院决定，并由公安机关执行，不受逮捕。 No citizen shall be arrested unless with the approval or by the decision of a people’s procuratorate or by the decision of a people’s court, and arrests must be made by a public security organ. 禁止非法拘禁和以其他方法非法剥夺或者限制公民的人身自由，禁止非法搜查公民的身体。 Unlawful detention, or the unlawful deprivation or restriction of a citizen’s personal freedom by other means, is prohibited; the unlawful search of a citizen’s person is prohibited. 第三十八条 中华人民共和国公民的人格尊严不受侵犯。禁止用任何方法对公民进行侮辱、诽谤和诬告陷害。 Article 38 The personal dignity of citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall not be violated. It is prohibited to use any means to insult, libel or falsely accuse citizens. 第三十九条 中华人民共和国公民的住宅不受侵犯。禁止非法搜查或者非法侵入公民的住宅。 Article 39 The homes of citizens of the People’s Republic of China are inviolable. The unlawful search of or unlawful intrusion into a citizen’s home is prohibited. 第四十条 中华人民共和国公民的通信自由和通信秘密受法律的保护。除因国家安全或者追查刑事犯罪的需要，由公安机关或者检察机关依照法律规定的程序对通信进行检查外，任何组织或者个人不得以任何理由侵犯公民的通信自由和通信秘密。 Article 40 Freedom and confidentiality of correspondence of citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall be protected by law. Except in cases necessary for national security or criminal investigation, when public security organs or procuratorial organs shall examine correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, no organization or individual shall infringe on a citizen’s freedom and confidentiality of correspondence for any reason. 第四十一条 中华人民共和国公民对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员，有提出批评和建议的权利；对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员的违法失职行为，有向有关国家机关提出申诉、控告或者检举的权利，但是不得捏造或者歪曲事实进行诬告陷害。 Article 41 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall have the right to criticize and make suggestions regarding any state organ or state employee, and have the right to file with relevant state organs complaints, charges or reports against any state organ or state employee for violations of the law or dereliction of duty, but they shall not fabricate or distort facts to make false accusations. 对于公民的申诉、控告或者检举，有关国家机关必须查清事实，负责处理。任何人不得压制和打击报复。 The state organ concerned must ascertain the facts concerning the complaints, charges or reports made by citizens and take responsibility for their handling. No one shall suppress such complaints, charges or reports or take retaliatory action. 由于国家机关和国家工作人员侵犯公民权利而受到损失的人，有依照法律规定取得赔偿的权利。 Persons who have suffered losses resulting from infringement of their civil rights by any state organ or state employee shall have the right to receive compensation in accordance with the provisions of law. 第四十二条 中华人民共和国公民有劳动的权利和义务。 Article 42 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall have the right and the obligation to work. 国家通过各种途径，创造劳动就业条件，加强劳动保护，改善劳动条件，并在发展生产的基础上，提高劳动报酬和福利待遇。 The state shall, in various ways, create employment opportunities, strengthen worker protections, improve working conditions and, based on the development of production, increase remuneration for work and work-related benefits. 劳动是一切有劳动能力的公民的光荣职责。国有企业和城乡集体经济组织的劳动者都应当以国家主人翁的态度对待自己的劳动。国家提倡社会主义劳动竞赛，奖励劳动模范和先进工作者。国家提倡公民从事义务劳动。 Work is an honorable duty for every citizen who is able to work. All working people in state owned enterprises and in urban and rural collective economic organizations should approach their own work as masters of their country. The state shall encourage socialist work contests and commend and award model workers and advanced workers. The state shall encourage citizens to participate in voluntary work. The state shall provide necessary pre-employment training for its citizens. Article 43 Working people in the People’s Republic of China shall have the right to rest. 国家发展劳动者休息和休养的设施，规定职工的工作时间和休假制度。 The state shall develop rest and recuperation facilities for working people and stipulate systems for employee working hours and vacations. 第四十四条 国家依照法律规定实行企业事业组织的职工和国家机关工作人员的退休制度。退休人员的生活受到国家和社会的保障。 Article 44 The state shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, implement a retirement system for employees of enterprises, public institutions and state organs. The livelihood of retirees shall be ensured by the state and society. 第四十五条 中华人民共和国公民在年老、疾病或者丧失劳动能力的情况下，有从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利。国家发展为公民享受这些权利所需要的社会保险、社会救济和医疗卫生事业。 Article 45 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall have the right to material assistance from the state and society when they are aged, ill or have lost the capacity to work. The state shall develop the social insurance, social relief, and medical and health services necessary for citizens to enjoy this right. 国家和社会保障残废军人的生活，抚恤烈士家属，优待军人家属。 The state and society shall guarantee the livelihood of disabled military personnel, provide pensions to the families of martyrs, and give preferential treatment to the family members of military personnel. 国家和社会帮助安排盲、聋、哑和其他有残疾的公民的劳动、生活和教育。 The state and society shall assist arrangements for the work, livelihood and education of citizens who are blind, deaf, mute or have other disabilities. 第四十六条 中华人民共和国公民有受教育的权利和义务。 Article 46 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall have the right and the obligation to receive education. 国家培养青年、少年、儿童在品德、智力、体质等方面全面发展。 The state shall foster the all-round moral, intellectual and physical development of young adults, youths and children. 第四十七条 中华人民共和国公民有进行科学研究、文学艺术创作和其他文化活动的自由。国家对于从事教育、科学、技术、文学、艺术和其他文化事业的公民的有益于人民的创造性工作，给以鼓励和帮助。 Article 47 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy the freedom to engage in scientific research, literary and artistic creation, and other cultural pursuits. The state shall encourage and assist creative work that is beneficial to the people of citizens engaged in education, science, technology, literature, art and other cultural activities. 第四十八条 中华人民共和国妇女在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的权利。 Article 48 Women in the People’s Republic of China shall enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life: political, economic, cultural, social and familial. 国家保护妇女的权利和利益，实行男女同工同酬，培养和选拔妇女干部。 The state shall protect the rights and interests of women, implement a system of equal pay for equal work, and train and select female officials. Article 49 Marriage, families, mothers and children shall be protected by the state. Both husband and wife shall have the obligation to practice family planning. 父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务，成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。 Parents shall have the obligation to raise and educate their minor children; adult children shall have the obligation to support and assist their parents. Infringement of the freedom of marriage is prohibited; mistreatment of senior citizens, women and children is prohibited. 第五十条 中华人民共和国保护华侨的正当的权利和利益，保护归侨和侨眷的合法的权利和利益。 Article 50 The People’s Republic of China shall protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals overseas as well as the lawful rights and interests of Chinese nationals who have returned from overseas and of the family members in China of Chinese nationals overseas. 第五十一条 中华人民共和国公民在行使自由和权利的时候，不得损害国家的、社会的、集体的利益和其他公民的合法的自由和权利。 Article 51 When exercising their freedoms and rights, citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall not undermine the interests of the state, society or collectives, or infringe upon the lawful freedoms and rights of other citizens. 第五十二条 中华人民共和国公民有维护国家统一和全国各民族团结的义务。 Article 52 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall have the obligation to safeguard national unity and the solidarity of all the country’s ethnic groups. 第五十三条 中华人民共和国公民必须遵守宪法和法律，保守国家秘密，爱护公共财产，遵守劳动纪律，遵守公共秩序，尊重社会公德。 Article 53 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the law, keep state secrets, protect public property, observe discipline in the workplace, observe public order, and respect social morality. 第五十四条 中华人民共和国公民有维护祖国的安全、荣誉和利益的义务，不得有危害祖国的安全、荣誉和利益的行为。 Article 54 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall have the obligation to safeguard the security, honor and interests of the motherland; they must not behave in any way that endangers the motherland’s security, honor or interests. 第五十五条 保卫祖国、抵抗侵略是中华人民共和国每一个公民的神圣职责。 Article 55 It is the sacred duty of every citizen of the People’s Republic of China to defend the motherland and resist aggression. 依照法律服兵役和参加民兵组织是中华人民共和国公民的光荣义务。 It is an honorable obligation of citizens of the People’s Republic of China to perform military service or join the militia in accordance with law. 第五十六条 中华人民共和国公民有依照法律纳税的义务。 Article 56 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall have the obligation to pay taxes in accordance with law.
Chapter III State Institutions
Section 1 The National People’s Congress
第五十七条 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关。它的常设机关是全国人民代表大会常务委员会。 Article 57 The National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China is the highest state organ of power. Its permanent organ is the National People’s Congress Standing Committee. 第五十八条 全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使国家立法权。 Article 58 The National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state. 第五十九条 全国人民代表大会由省、自治区、直辖市、特别行政区和军队选出的代表组成。各少数民族都应当有适当名额的代表。 Article 59 The National People’s Congress shall be composed of deputies elected from the provinces, autonomous regions, cities directly under central government jurisdiction, special administrative regions and armed forces. All ethnic minorities should have an appropriate number of deputies. 全国人民代表大会代表的选举由全国人民代表大会常务委员会主持。 The election of deputies to the National People’s Congress shall be presided over by the National People’s Congress Standing Committee. 全国人民代表大会代表名额和代表产生办法由法律规定。 The number of deputies to the National People’s Congress and the procedures for their election shall be prescribed by law. Article 60 Each National People’s Congress shall have a term of five years. 全国人民代表大会任期届满的两个月以前，全国人民代表大会常务委员会必须完成下届全国人民代表大会代表的选举。如果遇到不能进行选举的非常情况，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会以全体组成人员的三分之二以上的多数通过，可以推迟选举，延长本届全国人民代表大会的任期。在非常情况结束后一年内，必须完成下届全国人民代表大会代表的选举。 The National People’s Congress Standing Committee must complete the election of deputies to the next National People’s Congress two months prior to the completion of the term of office of the current National People’s Congress. If extraordinary circumstances prevent an election from going ahead, the election may be postponed and the term of office of the current National People’s Congress may be extended by a resolution supported by at least two-thirds of the members of the current National People’s Congress Standing Committee. The election of deputies to the next National People’s Congress must be completed within one year of said extraordinary circumstances coming to an end. 第六十一条 全国人民代表大会会议每年举行一次，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会召集。如果全国人民代表大会常务委员会认为必要，或者有五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议，可以临时召集全国人民代表大会会议。 Article 61 A session of the National People’s Congress shall be held once every year and shall be convened by the National People’s Congress Standing Committee. If the National People’s Congress Standing Committee deems it necessary, or one-fifth or more of National People’s Congress deputies so propose, a session of the National People’s Congress may be convened in the interim. 全国人民代表大会举行会议的时候，选举主席团主持会议。 When the National People’s Congress holds a session, it shall elect a presidium to conduct that session. Article 62 The National People’s Congress shall exercise the following functions and powers: (1) amending the Constitution; (2) overseeing the enforcement of the Constitution; （三）制定和修改刑事、民事、国家机构的和其他的基本法律； (3) enacting and amending criminal, civil, state institutional and other basic laws; (4) electing the president and the vice president of the People’s Republic of China; （五）根据中华人民共和国主席的提名，决定国务院总理的人选；根据国务院总理的提名，决定国务院副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选； (5) deciding, based on nomination by the president of the People’s Republic of China, on the successful candidate for the premier of the State Council; deciding, based on nominations by the premier of the State Council, on the successful candidates for vice premiers, state councilors, ministers of ministries, ministers of commissions, the auditor general and the secretary general of the State Council; （六）选举中央军事委员会主席；根据中央军事委员会主席的提名，决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选； (6) electing the chairperson of the Central Military Commission and deciding, based on nominations by the chairperson of the Central Military Commission, on the successful candidates for other members of the Central Military Commission; (7) electing the chairperson of the National Commission of Supervision;(8) electing the president of the Supreme People’s Court;(9) electing the procurator general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate;（十）审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划和计划执行情况的报告；(10) reviewing and approving the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation;（十一）审查和批准国家的预算和预算执行情况的报告；(11) reviewing and approving the state budget and the report on its implementation;（十二）改变或者撤销全国人民代表大会常务委员会不适当的决定；(12) changing or revoking inappropriate decisions of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee;(13) approving the establishment of provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction;(14) deciding on the establishment of special administrative regions and the systems to be instituted there;(15) deciding on issues concerning war and peace; and(16) other functions and powers that the highest state organ of power should exercise.Article 63 The National People’s Congress shall have the power to remove from office the following personnel:(1) the president and the vice president of the People’s Republic of China;（二）国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长；(2) the premier, vice premiers, state councilors, ministers of ministries, ministers of commissions, the auditor general and the secretary general of the State Council;（三）中央军事委员会主席和中央军事委员会其他组成人员；(3) the chairperson of the Central Military Commission and other members of the Central Military Commission;(4) the chairperson of the National Commission of Supervision;(5) the president of the Supreme People’s Court; and(6) the procurator general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate.第六十四条 宪法的修改，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会或者五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议，并由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的三分之二以上的多数通过。Article 64 Amendments to the Constitution must be proposed by the National People’s Congress Standing Committee or by one-fifth or more of National People’s Congress deputies and be adopted by a vote of at least two-thirds of National People’s Congress deputies.法律和其他议案由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的过半数通过。Laws and other proposals shall be adopted by a majority vote of the National People’s Congress deputies.第六十五条 全国人民代表大会常务委员会由下列人员组成：Article 65 The National People’s Congress Standing Committee shall be composed of the following personnel:全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员中，应当有适当名额的少数民族代表。There should be an appropriate number of ethnic minority deputies who sit as members on the National People’s Congress Standing Committee.全国人民代表大会选举并有权罢免全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员。The National People’s Congress shall elect, and have the power to remove from office, the members of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee.全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员不得担任国家行政机关、监察机关、审判机关和检察机关的职务。Members of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee shall not hold office in an administrative, supervisory, adjudicatory or procuratorial organ of the state.第六十六条 全国人民代表大会常务委员会每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同，它行使职权到下届全国人民代表大会选出新的常务委员会为止。Article 66 Each National People’s Congress Standing Committee shall have the same term of office as that of the National People’s Congress; it shall exercise its functions and powers until a new Standing Committee is elected by the next National People’s Congress.The chairperson and vice chairpersons of the Standing Committee shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.第六十七条 全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使下列职权：Article 67 The National People’s Congress Standing Committee shall exercise the following functions and powers:(1) interpreting the Constitution and overseeing its enforcement;（二）制定和修改除应当由全国人民代表大会制定的法律以外的其他法律；(2) enacting and amending laws other than those that should be enacted by the National People’s Congress;（三）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，对全国人民代表大会制定的法律进行部分补充和修改，但是不得同该法律的基本原则相抵触；(3) when the National People’s Congress is out of session, partially supplementing and amending laws enacted by the National People’s Congress but without conflicting with the basic principles of those laws;（五）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划、国家预算在执行过程中所必须作的部分调整方案；(5) when the National People’s Congress is out of session, reviewing and approving partial adjustments to the plan for national economic and social development and the state budget that must be made in the course of implementation;（六）监督国务院、中央军事委员会、国家监察委员会、最高人民法院和最高人民检察院的工作；(6) overseeing the work of the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the National Commission of Supervision, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate;（七）撤销国务院制定的同宪法、法律相抵触的行政法规、决定和命令；(7) revoking administrative regulations, decisions and orders formulated by the State Council that are in conflict with the Constitution or laws;（八）撤销省、自治区、直辖市国家权力机关制定的同宪法、法律和行政法规相抵触的地方性法规和决议；(8) revoking local regulations and resolutions formulated by the state organs of power in provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction that are in conflict with the Constitution, laws, or administrative regulations;（九）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，根据国务院总理的提名，决定部长、委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选；(9) when the National People’s Congress is out of session, deciding, based on nominations by the premier of the State Council, on successful candidates for ministers of ministries, ministers of commissions, the auditor general and the secretary general of the State Council;（十）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，根据中央军事委员会主席的提名，决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选；(10) when the National People’s Congress is out of session, deciding, based on nominations by the chairperson of the Central Military Commission, on successful candidates for other members of the Central Military Commission;（十一）根据国家监察委员会主任的提请，任免国家监察委员会副主任、委员；(11) appointing or removing, based on recommendations by the chairperson of the National Commission of Supervision, vice chairpersons and members of the National Commission of Supervision;（十二）根据最高人民法院院长的提请，任免最高人民法院副院长、审判员、审判委员会委员和军事法院院长；(12) appointing or removing, based on recommendations by the president of the Supreme People’s Court, vice presidents, judges and Adjudicatory Committee members of the Supreme People’s Court, and the president of the Military Court;（十三）根据最高人民检察院检察长的提请，任免最高人民检察院副检察长、检察员、检察委员会委员和军事检察院检察长，并且批准省、自治区、直辖市的人民检察院检察长的任免；(13) appointing or removing, based on recommendations by the procurator general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, deputy procurators general, procurators and Procuratorial Committee members of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, and the chief procurator of the Military Procuratorate; and approving the appointment or removal of chief procurators of the people’s procuratorates of provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction;(14) deciding on the appointment or removal of plenipotentiary representatives abroad;（十五）决定同外国缔结的条约和重要协定的批准和废除；(15) deciding on the ratification or abrogation of treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign countries;（十六）规定军人和外交人员的衔级制度和其他专门衔级制度；(16) stipulating systems of titles and ranks for military and diplomatic personnel and other field-specific title and ranking systems;(17) stipulating national medals and titles of honor and deciding on their conferment;(18) deciding on the granting of special pardons;（十九）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，如果遇到国家遭受武装侵犯或者必须履行国际间共同防止侵略的条约的情况，决定战争状态的宣布；(19) when the National People’s Congress is out of session, in the event of an armed attack on the country or in fulfillment of international treaty obligations concerning common defense against aggression, deciding on declaring a state of war;(20) deciding on national or local mobilization;（二十一）决定全国或者个别省、自治区、直辖市进入紧急状态；(21) deciding on entering a state of emergency nationwide or in particular provinces, autonomous regions or cities directly under central government jurisdiction; and(22) other functions and powers accorded to it by the National People’s Congress.第六十八条 全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长主持全国人民代表大会常务委员会的工作，召集全国人民代表大会常务委员会会议。副委员长、秘书长协助委员长工作。Article 68 The chairperson of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee shall preside over the work of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee and convene meetings of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee. The vice chairpersons and the secretary general shall assist the chairperson in his or her work.委员长、副委员长、秘书长组成委员长会议，处理全国人民代表大会常务委员会的重要日常工作。The chairperson, vice chairpersons and the secretary general constitute a Council of Chairpersons, which handles the important day-to-day work of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee.第六十九条 全国人民代表大会常务委员会对全国人民代表大会负责并报告工作。Article 69 The National People’s Congress Standing Committee shall be responsible to the National People’s Congress and shall report to the Congress on its work.第七十条 全国人民代表大会设立民族委员会、宪法和法律委员会、财政经济委员会、教育科学文化卫生委员会、外事委员会、华侨委员会和其他需要设立的专门委员会。在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，各专门委员会受全国人民代表大会常务委员会的领导。Article 70 Article 70 The National People’s Congress shall establish an Ethnic Affairs Committee, a Constitution and Law Committee, a Financial and Economic Committee, an Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee, a Foreign Affairs Committee, an Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee and such other special committees as are necessary. When the National People’s Congress is out of session, all special committees shall work under the leadership of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee.各专门委员会在全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会领导下，研究、审议和拟订有关议案。The special committees shall research, discuss and draw up relevant proposals under the leadership of the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee.第七十一条 全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会认为必要的时候，可以组织关于特定问题的调查委员会，并且根据调查委员会的报告，作出相应的决议。Article 71 When the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee deem it necessary, they may organize investigation committees on specific issues and, based on investigation committee reports, adopt appropriate resolutions.调查委员会进行调查的时候，一切有关的国家机关、社会团体和公民都有义务向它提供必要的材料When an investigation committee is conducting an investigation, all state organs, social organizations and citizens concerned shall have the obligation to provide the committee with the necessary data.第七十二条 全国人民代表大会代表和全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员，有权依照法律规定的程序分别提出属于全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会职权范围内的议案。Article 72 Deputies to the National People’s Congress and members of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee shall have the power, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to submit proposals within the scope of the respective functions and powers of the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee.第七十三条 全国人民代表大会代表在全国人民代表大会开会期间，全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员在常务委员会开会期间，有权依照法律规定的程序提出对国务院或者国务院各部、各委员会的质询案。受质询的机关必须负责答复。Article 73 Deputies to the National People’s Congress, when the Congress is in session, and members of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee, when the Standing Committee is meeting, shall have the power, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to submit inquiries to the State Council or the ministries and commissions under it. Organs that receive such inquiries must take responsibility for answering them.第七十四条 全国人民代表大会代表，非经全国人民代表大会会议主席团许可，在全国人民代表大会闭会期间非经全国人民代表大会常务委员会许可，不受逮捕或者刑事审判。Article 74 Deputies to the National People’s Congress shall not be arrested or placed on criminal trial without the consent of the presidium of the current session of the National People’s Congress or, when the Congress is out of session, the consent of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee.第七十五条 全国人民代表大会代表在全国人民代表大会各种会议上的发言和表决，不受法律追究。Article 75 The statements and votes of National People’s Congress deputies at meetings of the National People’s Congress shall not be subject to legal liability.第七十六条 全国人民代表大会代表必须模范地遵守宪法和法律，保守国家秘密，并且在自己参加的生产、工作和社会活动中，协助宪法和法律的实施。Article 76 Deputies to the National People’s Congress must play an exemplary role in abiding by the Constitution and the law and keeping state secrets and, in the production, work and public activities they participate in, assist in the enforcement of the Constitution and the law.全国人民代表大会代表应当同原选举单位和人民保持密切的联系，听取和反映人民的意见和要求，努力为人民服务。Deputies to the National People’s Congress should maintain close contact with the organizations and people that elected them, listen to and convey the opinions and demands of the people, and work hard to serve them.第七十七条 全国人民代表大会代表受原选举单位的监督。原选举单位有权依照法律规定的程序罢免本单位选出的代表。Article 77 Deputies to the National People’s Congress shall be subject to the oversight of the organizations that elected them. Organizations that have elected deputies shall have the power to remove them from office in accordance with procedures prescribed by law.第七十八条 全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组织和工作程序由法律规定。Article 78 The organization and working procedures of the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee shall be prescribed by law.
Section 2 The President of
the People’s Republic of China
第七十九条 中华人民共和国主席、副主席由全国人民代表大会选举。 Article 79 The president and the vice president of the People’s Republic of China shall be elected by the National People’s Congress. 有选举权和被选举权的年满四十五周岁的中华人民共和国公民可以被选为中华人民共和国主席、副主席。 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China who have the right to vote and stand for election and who have reached the age of 45 are eligible for election as president or vice president of the People’s Republic of China. 中华人民共和国主席、副主席每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同。 The president and the vice president of the People’s Republic of China shall have the same term of office as that of the National People’s Congress. 第八十条 中华人民共和国主席根据全国人民代表大会的决定和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定，公布法律，任免国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长，授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号，发布特赦令，宣布进入紧急状态，宣布战争状态，发布动员令。 Article 80 The president of the People’s Republic of China, pursuant to decisions of the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee, promulgates laws, appoints or removes the premier, vice premiers, state councilors, ministers of ministries, ministers of commissions, the auditor general and the secretary general of the State Council, confers national medals and titles of honor, issues orders of special pardon, declares a state of emergency, declares a state of war, and issues mobilization orders. 第八十一条 中华人民共和国主席代表中华人民共和国，进行国事活动，接受外国使节；根据全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定，派遣和召回驻外全权代表，批准和废除同外国缔结的条约和重要协定。 Article 81 The president of the People’s Republic of China engages in affairs of state and receives foreign diplomatic envoys on behalf of the People’s Republic of China and, pursuant to decisions of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee, appoints or recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad and ratifies or abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign countries. Article 82 The vice president of the People’s Republic of China shall assist the president in his or her work. 中华人民共和国副主席受主席的委托，可以代行主席的部分职权。 The vice president of the People’s Republic of China may, when so entrusted by the president, exercise part of the functions and powers of the president on his or her behalf. 第八十三条 中华人民共和国主席、副主席行使职权到下届全国人民代表大会选出的主席、副主席就职为止。 Article 83 The president and the vice president of the People’s Republic of China shall exercise their functions and powers until the president and the vice president elected by the next National People’s Congress assume office. 第八十四条 中华人民共和国主席缺位的时候，由副主席继任主席的职位。 Article 84 In the event that the office of president of the People’s Republic of China becomes vacant the vice president shall succeed to the office of president. 中华人民共和国副主席缺位的时候，由全国人民代表大会补选。 In the event that the office of vice president of the People’s Republic of China becomes vacant the National People’s Congress shall elect a new vice president to fill the vacancy. 中华人民共和国主席、副主席都缺位的时候，由全国人民代表大会补选；在补选以前，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长暂时代理主席职位。 In the event that the offices of both president and vice president of the People’s Republic of China become vacant the National People’s Congress shall elect a new president and a new vice president; prior to their election, the chairperson of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee shall temporarily act as the president.
Section 3 The State Council
第八十五条 中华人民共和国国务院，即中央人民政府，是最高国家权力机关的执行机关，是最高国家行政机关。 Article 85 The State Council of the People’s Republic of China, namely, the Central People’s Government, is the executive organ of the highest state organ of power; it is the highest state administrative organ. Article 86 The State Council is composed of the following personnel: ministers of commissions, 国务院实行总理负责制。各部、各委员会实行部长、主任负责制。 The State Council shall practice a premier responsibility system. The ministries and commissions shall each practice a minister responsibility system. The organization of the State Council shall be prescribed by law. 第八十七条 国务院每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同。 Article 87 The State Council shall have the same term of office as that of the National People’s Congress. The premier, vice premiers and state councilors shall serve no more than two consecutive terms. 第八十八条 总理领导国务院的工作。副总理、国务委员协助总理工作。 Article 88 The premier shall direct the work of the State Council. The vice premiers and state councilors shall assist the premier in his or her work. 总理、副总理、国务委员、秘书长组成国务院常务会议。 The premier, vice premiers, state councilors and the secretary general shall attend State Council executive meetings. The premier shall convene and preside over State Council executive meetings and State Council plenary meetings. Article 89 The State Council shall exercise the following functions and powers: （一）根据宪法和法律，规定行政措施，制定行政法规，发布决定和命令； (1) stipulating administrative measures, formulating administrative regulations and issuing decisions and orders in accordance with the Constitution and the law; （二）向全国人民代表大会或者全国人民代表大会常务委员会提出议案； (2) submitting proposals to the National People’s Congress or the National People’s Congress Standing Committee; （三）规定各部和各委员会的任务和职责，统一领导各部和各委员会的工作，并且领导不属于各部和各委员会的全国性的行政工作； (3) stipulating the missions and responsibilities of the ministries and commissions, exercising unified leadership over their work, and directing national administrative work that does not fall within the responsibilities of the ministries and commissions; （四）统一领导全国地方各级国家行政机关的工作，规定中央和省、自治区、直辖市的国家行政机关的职权的具体划分； (4) exercising unified leadership over the work of local state administrative organs at all levels nationwide and stipulating the detailed division of functions and powers between the Central Government and state administrative organs in provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction; （五）编制和执行国民经济和社会发展计划和国家预算； (5) drawing up and implementing plans for national economic and social development and state budgets; （六）领导和管理经济工作和城乡建设、生态文明建设； (6) directing and managing economic work, urban and rural development and ecological conservation; （七）领导和管理教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育和计划生育工作； (7) directing and managing education, science, culture, health, sports and family planning work; (8) directing and managing work such as civil affairs, public security and judicial administration; (9) managing foreign affairs and concluding treaties and agreements with foreign countries; (10) directing and managing the development of national defense; （十一）领导和管理民族事务，保障少数民族的平等权利和民族自治地方的自治权利； (11) directing and managing ethnic affairs and protecting the equal rights of ethnic minorities and the power to self-govern of ethnic autonomous areas; （十二）保护华侨的正当的权利和利益，保护归侨和侨眷的合法的权利和利益； (12) protecting the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals overseas and protecting the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese nationals and the family members in China of Chinese nationals overseas; （十三）改变或者撤销各部、各委员会发布的不适当的命令、指示和规章； (13) changing or revoking inappropriate orders, directives and regulations issued by ministries or commissions; （十四）改变或者撤销地方各级国家行政机关的不适当的决定和命令； (14) changing or revoking inappropriate decisions and orders issued by local state administrative organs at all levels; （十五）批准省、自治区、直辖市的区域划分，批准自治州、县、自治县、市的建置和区域划分； (15) approving the geographic division of provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction and approving the establishment and geographic division of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; （十六）依照法律规定决定省、自治区、直辖市的范围内部分地区进入紧急状态； (16) deciding, in accordance with the provisions of law, on entering a state of emergency in parts of provinces, autonomous regions and cities directly under central government jurisdiction; （十七）审定行政机构的编制，依照法律规定任免、培训、考核和奖惩行政人员； (17) reviewing and deciding on the staff size of administrative organs and, in accordance with the provisions of law, appointing or removing, training, evaluating, and awarding or punishing administrative personnel; and （十八）全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会授予的其他职权。 (18) other functions and powers accorded to it by the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee. 第九十条 国务院各部部长、各委员会主任负责本部门的工作；召集和主持部务会议或者委员会会议、委务会议，讨论决定本部门工作的重大问题。 Article 90 State Council ministers of ministries and ministers of commissions shall be responsible for the work of their departments, and shall convene and preside over ministerial meetings or general and executive commission meetings to discuss and decide on major issues in their departments’ work. 各部、各委员会根据法律和国务院的行政法规、决定、命令，在本部门的权限内，发布命令、指示和规章。 Ministries and commissions shall, in accordance with the law and the administrative regulations, decisions and orders of the State Council, issue orders and directives and promulgate regulations within the scope of their authority. 第九十一条 国务院设立审计机关，对国务院各部门和地方各级政府的财政收支，对国家的财政金融机构和企业事业组织的财务收支，进行审计监督。 Article 91 The State Council shall establish an audit office to conduct auditing oversight over the revenue and expenditure of all State Council departments and local governments at all levels, and over the revenue and expenditure of all state financial institutions, enterprises and public institutions. 审计机关在国务院总理领导下，依照法律规定独立行使审计监督权，不受其他行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。 The audit office shall, under the leadership of the premier of the State Council, independently exercise the power to conduct auditing oversight in accordance with the provisions of law, and shall not be subject to interference from other administrative organs, social organizations or individuals. 第九十二条 国务院对全国人民代表大会负责并报告工作；在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，对全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责并报告工作。 Article 92 The State Council shall be responsible to the National People’s Congress and shall report to the Congress on its work; when the National People’s Congress is out of session it shall be responsible to the National People’s Congress Standing Committee and shall report to the Standing Committee on its work.
Section 4 The Central Military Commission
第九十三条 中华人民共和国中央军事委员会领导全国武装力量。 Article 93 The Central Military Commission of the People’s Republic of China shall lead the country’s armed forces. The Central Military Commission is composed of the following personnel: The Central Military Commission shall practice a chairperson responsibility system. 中央军事委员会每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同。 The Central Military Commission shall have the same term of office as that of the National People’s Congress. 第九十四条 中央军事委员会主席对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。 Article 94 The chairperson of the Central Military Commission shall be responsible to the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee.
Section 5 Local People’s Congresses at All levels and Local People’s Governments at All Levels
第九十五条 省、直辖市、县、市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇设立人民代表大会和人民政府。 Article 95 Provinces, cities directly under central government jurisdiction, counties, cities, municipal districts, townships, ethnic townships and towns shall establish people’s congresses and people’s governments. 地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府的组织由法律规定。 The organization of local people’s congresses at all levels and local people’s governments at all levels shall be prescribed by law. 自治区、自治州、自治县设立自治机关。自治机关的组织和工作根据宪法第三章第五节、第六节规定的基本原则由法律规定。 Autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties shall establish autonomous organs. The organization and work of autonomous organs shall be prescribed by law in accordance with the basic principles laid down in Chapter III sections 5 and 6 of the Constitution. 第九十六条 地方各级人民代表大会是地方国家权力机关。 Article 96 Local people’s congresses at all levels are local state organs of power. Local people’s congresses at and above the county level shall establish standing committees. 第九十七条 省、直辖市、设区的市的人民代表大会代表由下一级的人民代表大会选举；县、不设区的市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇的人民代表大会代表由选民直接选举。 Article 97 Deputies to the people’s congresses of provinces, cities directly under central government jurisdiction and cities divided into districts shall be elected by the people’s congresses at the next level down; deputies to the people’s congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, ethnic townships and towns shall be directly elected by their constituencies. 地方各级人民代表大会代表名额和代表产生办法由法律规定。 The number of deputies to local people’s congresses at all levels and the procedures of their election shall be prescribed by law. Article 98 Local people’s congresses at all levels shall have a term of five years. 第九十九条 地方各级人民代表大会在本行政区域内，保证宪法、法律、行政法规的遵守和执行；依照法律规定的权限，通过和发布决议，审查和决定地方的经济建设、文化建设和公共事业建设的计划。 Article 99 Local people’s congresses at all levels shall, within their administrative areas, ensure the observance and enforcement of the Constitution, laws and administrative regulations; they shall, according to the authority invested in them as prescribed by law, adopt and issue resolutions, and review and decide on local economic, cultural and public service development plans. 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会审查和批准本行政区域内的国民经济和社会发展计划、预算以及它们的执行情况的报告；有权改变或者撤销本级人民代表大会常务委员会不适当的决定。 Local people’s congresses at and above the county level shall review and approve the economic and social development plans and budgets of their administrative areas as well as reports on their implementation; they shall have the power to change or revoke inappropriate decisions made by their own standing committees. 民族乡的人民代表大会可以依照法律规定的权限采取适合民族特点的具体措施。 The people’s congresses of ethnic townships may, according to the authority invested in them as prescribed by law, take specific measures suited to ethnic characteristics. 第一百条 省、直辖市的人民代表大会和它们的常务委员会，在不同宪法、法律、行政法规相抵触的前提下，可以制定地方性法规，报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。 Article 100 The people’s congresses of provinces and cities directly under central government jurisdiction and their standing committees may, provided there is no conflict with the Constitution, laws or administrative regulations, formulate local regulations, which shall be reported to the National People’s Congress Standing Committee to be placed on record. 设区的市的人民代表大会和它们的常务委员会，在不同宪法、法律、行政法规和本省、自治区的地方性法规相抵触的前提下，可以依照法律规定制定地方性法规，报本省、自治区人民代表大会常务委员会批准后施行。 The people’s congresses of cities divided into districts and their standing committees may, provided there is no conflict with the Constitution, laws or administrative regulations, or with the local regulations of their province or autonomous region, formulate local regulations in accordance with the provisions of law, which shall go into force after submission to the standing committee of the people’s congress of their province or autonomous region and the receipt of approval. 第一百零一条 地方各级人民代表大会分别选举并且有权罢免本级人民政府的省长和副省长、市长和副市长、县长和副县长、区长和副区长、乡长和副乡长、镇长和副镇长。 Article 101 Local people’s congresses shall, at their respective levels, elect and have the power to remove from office governors and deputy governors, mayors and deputy mayors, county heads and deputy heads, municipal district heads and deputy heads, township heads and deputy heads, and town heads and deputy heads. 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会选举并且有权罢免本级监察委员会主任、本级人民法院院长和本级人民检察院检察长。选出或者罢免人民检察院检察长，须报上级人民检察院检察长提请该级人民代表大会常务委员会批准。 Local people’s congresses at and above the county level shall elect, and have the power to remove from office, chairpersons of the commissions of supervision, presidents of the people’s courts and chief procurators of the people’s procuratorates at their respective levels. The election or removal of chief procurator of the people’s procuratorate must be reported to the chief procurator of the people’s procuratorate at the next level up for submission to the standing committee of the people’s congress at that level for approval. 第一百零二条 省、直辖市、设区的市的人民代表大会代表受原选举单位的监督；县、不设区的市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇的人民代表大会代表受选民的监督。 Article 102 Deputies to the people’s congresses of provinces, cities directly under central government jurisdiction and cities divided into districts shall be subject to oversight by the organizations that elected them; deputies to the people’s congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, ethnic townships and towns shall be subject to oversight by their constituencies. 地方各级人民代表大会代表的选举单位和选民有权依照法律规定的程序罢免由他们选出的代表。 The organizations and constituencies that elect deputies to local people’s congresses at all levels shall have the power to remove them from office in accordance with procedures prescribed by law. 第一百零三条 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会由主任、副主任若干人和委员若干人组成，对本级人民代表大会负责并报告工作。 Article 103 The standing committees of local people’s congresses at and above the county level shall be composed of a chairperson, vice chairpersons and members; they shall be responsible to the people’s congresses at their respective levels and shall report to them on their work. 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会选举并有权罢免本级人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员。 Local people’s congresses at and above the county level shall elect, and have the power to remove from office, members of their standing committees. 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员不得担任国家行政机关、监察机关、审判机关和检察机关的职务。 Members of the standing committee of a local people’s congress at or above the county level shall not hold office in an administrative, supervisory, adjudicatory or procuratorial organ of the state. 第一百零四条 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会讨论、决定本行政区域内各方面工作的重大事项；监督本级人民政府、监察委员会、人民法院和人民检察院的工作；撤销本级人民政府的不适当的决定和命令；撤销下一级人民代表大会的不适当的决议；依照法律规定的权限决定国家机关工作人员的任免；在本级人民代表大会闭会期间，罢免和补选上一级人民代表大会的个别代表。 Article 104 The standing committees of local people’s congresses at and above the county level shall discuss and decide on major issues in all areas of work in their administrative areas; oversee the work of the people’s government, the commission of supervision, the people’s court and the people’s procuratorate at their respective levels; revoke inappropriate decisions and orders made by the people’s government at the same level; revoke inappropriate resolutions adopted by the people’s congress at the next level down; decide on the appointment or removal of employees of state organs according to the authority invested in them as prescribed by law; and, when people’s congresses at their level are out of session, remove from office and elect to fill vacancies individual deputies to the people’s congress at the next level up. 第一百零五条 地方各级人民政府是地方各级国家权力机关的执行机关，是地方各级国家行政机关。 Article 105 Local people’s governments at all levels are the executive organs of the local state organs of power at their respective levels; they are the local state administrative organs at their respective levels. 地方各级人民政府实行省长、市长、县长、区长、乡长、镇长负责制。 Local people’s governments at all levels shall practice a governor, mayor, county head, municipal district head, township head or town head responsibility system. 第一百零六条 地方各级人民政府每届任期同本级人民代表大会每届任期相同。 Article 106 Local people’s governments at all levels shall have the same term of office as that of the people’s congresses at their respective levels. 第一百零七条 县级以上地方各级人民政府依照法律规定的权限，管理本行政区域内的经济、教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育事业、城乡建设事业和财政、民政、公安、民族事务、司法行政、计划生育等行政工作，发布决定和命令，任免、培训、考核和奖惩行政工作人员。 Article 107 Local people’s governments at and above the county level shall, according to the authority invested in them as prescribed by law, manage administrative work related to the economy, education, science, culture, public health, sports, urban and rural development, finance, civil affairs, public security, ethnic affairs, judicial administration, family planning, etc., within their administrative areas; and shall issue decisions and orders, appoint or remove, train, evaluate, and award or punish administrative employees. 乡、民族乡、镇的人民政府执行本级人民代表大会的决议和上级国家行政机关的决定和命令，管理本行政区域内的行政工作。 The people’s governments of townships, ethnic townships and towns shall implement the resolutions of the people’s congresses at their level and the decisions and orders of state administrative organs at the next level up; they shall manage the administrative work of their respective administrative areas. 省、直辖市的人民政府决定乡、民族乡、镇的建置和区域划分。 The people’s governments of provinces and cities directly under central government jurisdiction shall decide on the establishment of townships, ethnic townships and towns and their geographic division. 第一百零八条 县级以上的地方各级人民政府领导所属各工作部门和下级人民政府的工作，有权改变或者撤销所属各工作部门和下级人民政府的不适当的决定。 Article 108 Local people’s governments at and above the county level shall direct the work of their subordinate departments and of the people’s governments at the next level down and shall have the power to change or revoke inappropriate decisions made by their subordinate departments and the people’s governments at the next level down. 第一百零九条 县级以上的地方各级人民政府设立审计机关。地方各级审计机关依照法律规定独立行使审计监督权，对本级人民政府和上一级审计机关负责。 Article 109 Local people’s governments at and above the county level shall establish audit offices. Local audit offices at all levels shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, independently exercise the power to conduct auditing oversight; they shall be responsible to the people’s government at their level and to the audit office at the next level up. 第一百一十条 地方各级人民政府对本级人民代表大会负责并报告工作。县级以上的地方各级人民政府在本级人民代表大会闭会期间，对本级人民代表大会常务委员会负责并报告工作。 Article 110 Local people’s governments at all levels shall be responsible to the people’s congresses at their levels and shall report to them on their work. Local people’s governments at and above the county level shall, when the people’s congresses at their level are out of session, be responsible to the standing committees of the people’s congresses at their level and shall report to them on their work. 地方各级人民政府对上一级国家行政机关负责并报告工作。全国地方各级人民政府都是国务院统一领导下的国家行政机关，都服从国务院。 Local people’s governments at all levels shall be responsible to state administrative organs at the next level up and shall report to them on their work. Local people’s governments at all levels nationwide are state administrative organs under the unified leadership of the State Council; they shall all be subordinate to the State Council. 第一百一十一条 城市和农村按居民居住地区设立的居民委员会或者村民委员会是基层群众性自治组织。居民委员会、村民委员会的主任、副主任和委员由居民选举。居民委员会、村民委员会同基层政权的相互关系由法律规定。 Article 111 Residents committees and villagers committees, established among urban and rural residents on the basis of their place of residence, are primary-level people’s organizations for self-governance. Residents committee and villagers committee chairpersons, vice chairpersons and members shall be elected by residents. The relations between residents committees and villagers committees and primary-level state bodies shall be prescribed by law. The relations between residents committees and villagers committees and primary-level state bodies shall be prescribed by law. 居民委员会、村民委员会设人民调解、治安保卫、公共卫生等委员会，办理本居住地区的公共事务和公益事业，调解民间纠纷，协助维护社会治安，并且向人民政府反映群众的意见、要求和提出建议。 Residents committees and villagers committees shall establish people’s mediation, public security, public health and other subcommittees to handle public affairs and public services in the residential areas to which they belong, mediate civil disputes and help maintain public order; they shall convey residents’ opinions and demands and make proposals to the people’s government.
Section 6 Autonomous Organs of Ethnic Autonomous Areas
第一百一十二条 民族自治地方的自治机关是自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会和人民政府。 Article 112 The autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous areas are the people’s congresses and the people’s governments of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties. 第一百一十三条 自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会中，除实行区域自治的民族的代表外，其他居住在本行政区域内的民族也应当有适当名额的代表。 Article 113 In the people’s congresses of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties, aside from deputies of the ethnic group that exercises regional autonomy, other ethnic groups resident in that administrative area should also have an appropriate number of deputies. 自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会常务委员会中应当有实行区域自治的民族的公民担任主任或者副主任。 On the standing committees of people’s congresses of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties, there should be citizens of the ethnic group that exercises regional autonomy in office as chairperson or vice chairperson. 第一百一十四条 自治区主席、自治州州长、自治县县长由实行区域自治的民族的公民担任。 Article 114 The offices of governor of an autonomous region, prefect of an autonomous prefecture and head of an autonomous county shall be filled by a citizen belonging to the ethnic group that exercises regional autonomy there. 第一百一十五条 自治区、自治州、自治县的自治机关行使宪法第三章第五节规定的地方国家机关的职权，同时依照宪法、民族区域自治法和其他法律规定的权限行使自治权，根据本地方实际情况贯彻执行国家的法律、政策。 Article 115 The autonomous organs of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties shall exercise the functions and powers of local state organs as specified in Chapter III Section 5 of the Constitution; at the same time, they shall exercise the power to self-govern according to the authority invested in them as prescribed by the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and other laws, and, based on local circumstances, shall implement the laws and policies of the state. 第一百一十六条 民族自治地方的人民代表大会有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点，制定自治条例和单行条例。自治区的自治条例和单行条例，报全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准后生效。自治州、自治县的自治条例和单行条例，报省或者自治区的人民代表大会常务委员会批准后生效，并报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。 Article 116 The people’s congresses of ethnic autonomous areas shall have the power to formulate autonomous regulations and local-specific regulations in accordance with the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the ethnic groups in their areas. The autonomous regulations and local-specific regulations of autonomous regions shall go into effect after submission to the National People’s Congress Standing Committee and receipt of approval. The autonomous regulations and local-specific regulations of autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties shall go into effect after submission to the standing committees of the people’s congresses of their provinces or autonomous regions and receipt of approval, and shall be reported to the National People’s Congress Standing Committee to be placed on record. 第一百一十七条 民族自治地方的自治机关有管理地方财政的自治权。凡是依照国家财政体制属于民族自治地方的财政收入，都应当由民族自治地方的自治机关自主地安排使用。 Article 117 Autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous areas shall have the autonomy to manage their local finances. All fiscal revenue which, according to the state financial system, belongs to an ethnic autonomous area should be autonomously allocated and used by the autonomous organs of that ethnic autonomous area. 第一百一十八条 民族自治地方的自治机关在国家计划的指导下，自主地安排和管理地方性的经济建设事业。 Article 118 Autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous areas shall, under the guidance of state plans, autonomously plan for and manage local economic development. 国家在民族自治地方开发资源、建设企业的时候，应当照顾民族自治地方的利益。 When the state is exploiting resources or establishing enterprises in an ethnic autonomous area, it should be attentive to the interests of that area. 第一百一十九条 民族自治地方的自治机关自主地管理本地方的教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育事业，保护和整理民族的文化遗产，发展和繁荣民族文化。 Article 119 Autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous areas shall autonomously manage the educational, scientific, cultural, health and sports undertakings of their areas, protect and restore the cultural heritage of their ethnic groups, and promote the development and a thriving of ethnic cultures. 第一百二十条 民族自治地方的自治机关依照国家的军事制度和当地的实际需要，经国务院批准，可以组织本地方维护社会治安的公安部队。 Article 120 Autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous areas may, in accordance with the military system of the state and local needs, and with the approval of the State Council, organize local public security units to maintain public order. 第一百二十一条 民族自治地方的自治机关在执行职务的时候，依照本民族自治地方自治条例的规定，使用当地通用的一种或者几种语言文字。 Article 121 In performing their duties, autonomous organs of ethnic autonomous areas shall, in accordance with the autonomous regulations of that ethnic autonomous area, use the spoken and written language or languages commonly used in that area. 第一百二十二条 国家从财政、物资、技术等方面帮助各少数民族加速发展经济建设和文化建设事业。 Article 122 The state shall provide financial, material and technical assistance to ethnic minorities to accelerate their economic and cultural development. 国家帮助民族自治地方从当地民族中大量培养各级干部、各种专业人才和技术工人。 The state shall assist ethnic autonomous areas in training on a large scale officials at all levels, different types of specialized personnel and technical workers from among that area’s ethnic groups.
Section 7 Commissions of Supervision
第一百二十三条 中华人民共和国各级监察委员会是国家的监察机关。 Article 123 Commissions of supervision of the People’s Republic of China at all levels are the supervisory organs of the state. 第一百二十四条 中华人民共和国设立国家监察委员会和地方各级监察委员会。 Article 124 The People’s Republic of China shall establish a National Commission of Supervision and local commissions of supervision at all levels. A commission of supervision shall be composed of the following personnel: 监察委员会主任每届任期同本级人民代表大会每届任期相同。国家监察委员会主任连续任职不得超过两届。 The chairperson of a commission of supervision shall have the same term of office as that of the people’s congress at the same level. The chairperson of the National Commission of Supervision shall serve no more than two consecutive terms. The organization, functions and powers of the commissions of supervision shall be prescribed by law. 第一百二十五条 中华人民共和国国家监察委员会是最高监察机关。 Article 125 The National Commission of Supervision of the People’s Republic of China is the highest supervisory organ. 国家监察委员会领导地方各级监察委员会的工作，上级监察委员会领导下级监察委员会的工作。 The National Commission of Supervision shall direct the work of local commissions of supervision at all levels; commissions of supervision at higher levels shall direct the work of those at lower levels. 第一百二十六条 国家监察委员会对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。地方各级监察委员会对产生它的国家权力机关和上一级监察委员会负责。 Article 126 The National Commission of Supervision shall be responsible to the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee. Local commissions of supervision at all levels shall be responsible to the state organs of power that created them and to the commissions of supervision at the next level up. 第一百二十七条 监察委员会依照法律规定独立行使监察权，不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。 Article 127 Commissions of supervision shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, independently exercise supervisory power, and shall not be subject to interference from any administrative organ, social organization or individual. 监察机关办理职务违法和职务犯罪案件，应当与审判机关、检察机关、执法部门互相配合，互相制约。 The supervisory organs, in handling cases of duty-related malfeasance or crime, shall work together with adjudicatory organs, procuratorial organs and law enforcement departments; they shall act as a mutual check on each other.
Section 8 People’s Courts and People’s Procuratorates
第一百二十八条 中华人民共和国人民法院是国家的审判机关。 Article 128 The people’s courts of the People’s Republic of China are the adjudicatory organs of the state. 第一百二十九条 中华人民共和国设立最高人民法院、地方各级人民法院和军事法院等专门人民法院。 Article 129 The People’s Republic of China shall establish a Supreme People’s Court and local people’s courts at all levels, military courts and other special people’s courts. 最高人民法院院长每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同，连续任职不得超过两届。 The president of the Supreme People’s Court shall have the same term of office as that of the National People’s Congress and shall serve no more than two consecutive terms. The organization of the people’s courts shall be prescribed by law. 第一百三十条 人民法院审理案件，除法律规定的特别情况外，一律公开进行。被告人有权获得辩护。 Article 130 Except in special circumstances as prescribed by law, all cases in the people’s courts shall be tried in public. The accused shall have the right to defense. 第一百三十一条 人民法院依照法律规定独立行使审判权，不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。 Article 131 The people’s courts shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, independently exercise adjudicatory power, and shall not be subject to interference from any administrative organ, social organization or individual. Article 132 The Supreme People’s Court is the highest adjudicatory organ. 最高人民法院监督地方各级人民法院和专门人民法院的审判工作，上级人民法院监督下级人民法院的审判工作。 The Supreme People’s Court shall oversee the adjudicatory work of local people’s courts at all levels and of special people’s courts; people’s courts at higher levels shall oversee the adjudicatory work of those at lower levels. 第一百三十三条 最高人民法院对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。地方各级人民法院对产生它的国家权力机关负责。 Article 133 The Supreme People’s Court shall be responsible to the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee. Local people’s courts at all levels shall be responsible to the state organs of power that created them. 第一百三十四条 中华人民共和国人民检察院是国家的法律监督机关。 Article 134 The people’s procuratorates of the People’s Republic of China are the legal oversight organs of the state. 第一百三十五条 中华人民共和国设立最高人民检察院、地方各级人民检察院和军事检察院等专门人民检察院。 Article 135 The People’s Republic of China shall establish a Supreme People’s Procuratorate, local people’s procuratorates at all levels, military procuratorates and other special people’s procuratorates. 最高人民检察院检察长每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同，连续任职不得超过两届。 The procurator general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate shall have the same term of office as that of the National People’s Congress and shall serve no more than two consecutive terms. The organization of the people’s procuratorates shall be prescribed by law. 第一百三十六条 人民检察院依照法律规定独立行使检察权，不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。 Article 136 The people’s procuratorates shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, independently exercise procuratorial power, and shall not be subject to interference from any administrative organ, social organization or individual. Article 137 The Supreme People’s Procuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ. 最高人民检察院领导地方各级人民检察院和专门人民检察院的工作，上级人民检察院领导下级人民检察院的工作。 The Supreme People’s Procuratorate shall direct the work of local people’s procuratorates at all levels and of special people’s procuratorates; people’s procuratorates at higher levels shall direct the work of those at lower levels. 第一百三十八条 最高人民检察院对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。地方各级人民检察院对产生它的国家权力机关和上级人民检察院负责。 Article 138 The Supreme People’s Procuratorate shall be responsible to the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee. Local people’s procuratorates at all levels shall be responsible to the state organs of power that created them and to the people’s procuratorates at higher levels. 第一百三十九条 各民族公民都有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。人民法院和人民检察院对于不通晓当地通用的语言文字的诉讼参与人，应当为他们翻译。 Article 139 Citizens of all ethnic groups shall have the right to use their own ethnic group’s spoken and written languages in court proceedings. The people’s courts and the people’s procuratorates should provide translation services for any party to court proceedings who does not have a good command of the spoken or written languages commonly used in the locality. 在少数民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地区，应当用当地通用的语言进行审理；起诉书、判决书、布告和其他文书应当根据实际需要使用当地通用的一种或者几种文字。 In areas inhabited by people of an ethnic minority or by a number of ethnic groups living together, court hearings should be conducted in the language or languages commonly used in the locality; indictments, judgments, notices and other documents should be written in the language or languages commonly used in the locality according to actual needs. 第一百四十条 人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关办理刑事案件，应当分工负责，互相配合，互相制约，以保证准确有效地执行法律。 Article 140 In handling criminal cases, the people’s courts, the people’s procuratorates and public security organs should each be responsible for their respective tasks, work together with each other, and act as checks on each other to ensure the faithful and effective enforcement of the law.
Chapter IV The National Flag, National Anthem, National Emblem and the Capital
Article 141 The national flag of the People’s Republic of China is a red flag with five stars. The national anthem of the People’s Republic of China is the March of the Volunteers. 第一百四十二条 中华人民共和国国徽，中间是五星照耀下的天安门，周围是谷穗和齿轮。 Article 142 The national emblem of the People’s Republic of China consists of an image of Tiananmen Gate in the center illuminated by five stars and encircled by spikes of grain and a cogwheel. Article 143 The capital of the People’s Republic of China is Beijing.
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